ASTM E2262-03(R2020) pdf free download

ASTM E2262-03(R2020) pdf free download.Standard Practice for Estimating Thurstonian Discriminal Distances
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes procedures to estimate Thursto- nian discriminal distances (that is, d’ values) from data obtained on two samples. Procedures are presented for four forced-choice methods (that is, the triangle, the Duo-Trio, the 3-alternative-forced-choice (or 3-AFC) and the 2-AFC (also called the directional difference test)), the A/Not-Amethod, the Same-Different method, and for data obtained from ordered category scales. Procedures for estimating the variance of d’ are also presented. Thus, confidence intervals and statistical tests can be calculated for d’. 1.2 The procedures in this practice pertain only to the unidimensional, equal-variance model. Other, more compli- cated Thurstonian models, involving multiple dimensions and unequal variances exist but are not addressed in this practice. The procedure for forced-choice methods is limited to dichoto- mous responses. The procedure for the A/Not-A method assumes equal sample sizes for the two samples. The procedure for the Same-Different method assumes equal sample sizes for the matched and unmatched pairs of samples. For all methods, only unreplicated tests are considered. (Tests in which each assessor performs multiple (that is, replicated) evaluations require different analyses.) 1.3 Thurstonian scaling is a method for measuring the perceptual difference between two samples based on a proba- bilistic model for categorical choice decision making. The magnitude of the perceived difference, δ, can be estimated from the assessors’ categorical choices using the methods described in this practice. (See Appendix X3 for a more detailed description of Thurstonian scaling.) 1.4 In theory, the Thurstonian δ does not depend on the method used to measure the difference between two samples. As such, δ provides a common scale of measure for comparing samples measured under a variety of test conditions. For example, Thurstonian scaling can be used to compare products measured under different test conditions, to compare panels (trained, consumer or both) that have evaluated the same samples (using the same or different test methods) and to compare test methods on their ability to discriminate samples that exhibit a fixed sensory difference. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- mine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Under the assumptions of the model, the Thurstonian model approach to measuring the perceived difference between two samples (whether overall or for a specific attribute) is independent of the sensory method used to collect the data. Converting results obtained from different test methods to d’ values permits the assessment of relative differences among samples without requiring that the samples be compared to each other directly or that the same test methods be used for all pairs of samples. 5.2 Thurstonian scaling has been applied to: 5.2.1 Creating a historical database to track differences between production and reference samples over periods in which different test methods were used to measure the difference, 5.2.2 Comparing the relative sensitivities of different user groups and consumer segments, 5.2.3 Comparing trained panels that use different measuring techniques, 5.2.4 Comparing the relative sensitivities of consumers versus trained panels, 5.2.5 Comparing different methods of consumer testing (for example, CLT versus HUT, preference versus hedonic scales, etc.), and 5.2.6 Comparing different discrimination test methods.