ASTM E28-2018 pdf free download

ASTM E28-2018 pdf free download.Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods are intended for determining the softening point of resins (including rosin and terpene resins) and similar materials by means of the ring-and-ball apparatus. N OTE 1—For testing asphalts, tars, and pitches, see Test Method D36. 1.1.1 Test method using the automated ring and ball soften- ing point apparatus is the reference method and the test method using the manual ring and ball method is an alternative method. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- mine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3. Significance and Use
3.1 In general, with materials of these types, softening does not take place at a definite temperature. As the temperature rises, these materials gradually change from brittle or exceed- ingly thick and slow-flowing materials to softer and less viscous liquids. For this reason, the determination of the softening point must be made by a fixed, arbitrary, and closely defined method if the results obtained are to be comparable. 3.2 In these test methods, the softening point is defined as the temperature at which a disk of the sample held within a horizontal ring is forced downward a distance of 25.4 mm (1 in.) under the weight of a steel ball as the sample is heated at 5°C/min in a water, glycerin, silicone oil, ethylene glycol/ water or glycerin/water bath. 3.3 The automatic method was chosen to be the reference method because a round robin demonstrated that it gave more precise results than the manual method.
4. Sample Preparation
4.1 Preparation ofSample by the Pour Method: 4.1.1 This procedure is suitable for materials that can be heated and poured without adverse effects on the softening point. 4.1.2 Select a sample representative of the material to be tested. The sample should consist of flakes, pastilles, or freshly broken lumps free of oxidized surfaces. Avoid inclusion of finely divided material or dust. 4.1.3 Select a quantity at least twice that necessary to fill the desired number of rings, and melt it immediately in a clean container, using an oven, hot plate, sand bath or oil bath to prevent local overheating. Take care to avoid incorporating air bubbles in the sample. Melt the sample completely, but do not heat it above a temperature necessary to pour the material readily. The time from the beginning of heating to the pouring of the sample should not exceed 15 min.N OTE 2—For materials that may be heat sensitive, continuously inert the flask containing the test specimen with nitrogen (N 2 ) during the remelting procedure. 4.1.4 For materials that tend to crack or shrink in the ring on cooling, immediately before filling the ring, preheat the ring to approximately the temperature at which the material is to be poured. The ring, while being filled, should rest bottom down on a suitable metal surface. Pour the sample into the ring so as to leave an excess on cooling. After cooling a minimum of 30 min, trim off the excess resin on the periphery of the ring. To remove excess resin from the top, cut the excess material off cleanly with a slightly heated knife or spatula, or grasp the ring in a pair of tongs and draw the top surface quickly and firmly over the surface of a heated metal plate. In case the test is repeated, use a clean container and fresh sample.